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Distraction Sneakers Decrease the Expected Level of Aggression within Groups
Dubois, Frédérique and Giraldeau, Luc‐Alain and Hamilton, Ian M. and Lefebvre,[url=http://monclerjacketsuk.albirank.net/][b]Moncler Outlet Online Store UK Cheap Moncler Jackets Coats Sale[/b][/url], Louis (2004) Distraction Sneakers Decrease the Expected Level of Aggression within Groups: A Game‐Theoretic Model. The American Naturalist, 164 (2). E32-E45. ISSN 0003-0147
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AbstractHawk‐dove games have been extensively used to predict the conditions under which group‐living animals should defend their resources against potential usurpers. Typically, game‐theoretic models on aggression consider that resource defense may entail energetic and injury costs. However, intruders may also take advantage of owners who are busy fighting to sneak access to unguarded resources, imposing thereby an additional cost on the use of the escalated hawk strategy. In this article we modify the two‐strategy hawk‐dove game into a three‐strategy hawk‐dove‐sneaker game that incorporates a distraction‐sneaking tactic, allowing us to explore its consequences on the expected level of aggression within groups. Our model predicts a lower proportion of hawks and hence lower frequencies of aggressive interactions within groups than do previous two‐strategy hawk‐dove games. The extent to which distraction sneakers decrease the frequency of aggression within groups, however,[url=http://duveticashoponline.blogspot.com/][b]duvetica shop online[/b][/url], depends on whether they search only for opportunities to join resources uncovered by other group members or for both unchallenged resources and opportunities to usurp. W. 1974. Extraspecific imposition of social grouping among surgeonfishes (Pisces: Acanthuridae). Journal of Zoology 174:333-340. /> />Borgia,[url=http://discountparajumperssaleonlinestore.webmium.com/][b]http://discountparajumperssaleonlinestore.webmium.com/[/b][/url], G. 1980. Sexual competition in Scatophaga stercoraria: size‐ and density‐related changes in male ability to capture females. Behaviour 75:185-206. /> />Brown, J. L. 1964. The evolution of diversity in avian territory systems. Wilson Bulletin 76:160-169. /> />Chapman, M. R.,[url=http://cheapsoccercleatsonlinestore.blogspot.com/][b]cheap soccer cleats[/b][/url], and D. L. 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