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Water treatment can be defined as any procedure or method used to alter the chemical composition or natural "behavior" of a water supply. Water supplies can be classified [url=http://www.par5club.com/louboutin.php]louboutin pas cher[/url] as either surface water or groundwater. The majority of water comes from surface water such as rivers, lakes, and reservoirs.
MUNICIPAL OR UTILITY WATER [url=http://www.niquess.com/indomaretmusik#comment-339027]Liquid Glucosamine What You Need To Know - written by Gary Jeffers[/url] TREATMENT SOLUTIONS
Most municipal water [url=http://www.thehygienerevolution.com/hollister.php]www.thehygienerevolution.com/hollister.php[/url] found in a city or community today has been treated [url=http://www.tagverts.com/barbour.php]barbour online shop[/url] extensively. Specific water treatment solutions and steps taken by municipalities to meet local, state, national, or international standards vary but are categorized below.
Screen prefiltration
A coarse screen, usually 50 to 100 mesh, at the intake point of a surface water supply, removes large particular matter [url=http://www.skoda-witzke.de/woolrichoutlet.php]woolrich online shop[/url] to protect downstream equipment from clogging, fouling, or being damaged.
Clarification
Clarification is generally a multi-step water treatment solution to reduce turbidity and suspended matter. Steps include the addition of chemical coagulants that [url=http://www.davidhabchy.com]barbour outlet[/url] react to form floc. The floc settles by gravity in settling tanks and is removed as the water percolates through a gravity filter.
LIME TREATMENT
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Disinfection
Disinfection is one of the most important steps to municipal water treatment solutions. Usually, chlorine gas is fed into the supply after the water has been clarified and/or softened. The chlorine kills bacteria. In order to maintain the "kill potential", an excess of chlorine is fed into the supply to maintain a residual. The chlorine level must be constantly monitored to assure that no harmful levels of chloramines or chlorinated hydrocarbons develop.
ON-SITE WATER TREATMENT SOLUTIONS
After the water is delivered from the utility or the well, there are many on-site options for further water treatment solutions to meet specific end-use requirements.
Chemical addition
- pH adjustment. Certain chemicals, membranes, ion exchange resins and other materials are sensitive to specific pH conditions.
- Dispersants. [url=http://www.achbanker.com/hollister.php‎]hollister[/url] Dispersants are added when scaling may be expected due to concentration of specific ions in the stream. Dispersants disrupt the scale formation, preventing growth of precipitate crystals.
- Sequestering (chelating) agents. Sequestering agents are used to prevent the negative effects of hardness, preventing the deposition of Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn and Al.
- Oxidizing agents. Oxidizing agents have two distinct functions: as a biocide, or to neutralize reducing agents.
- Potassium permanganate. Potassium permanganate (KMnO4) is a strong oxidizing agent used in many [url=http://www.achbanker.com/hollister.php‎]hollister france[/url] bleaching applications. It will oxidize most organic compounds and is often used to oxidize ferrous iron to ferric for precipitation and filtration.
Tank-type pressure filters
A typical filter consists of a tank to house the filter media and a valve or controller to direct the filter [url=http://www.fayatindia.com/giuseppe-zanotti.html]giuseppe zanotti[/url] through its various cycles-typically service, backwash [url=http://www.diecastlinks.co.uk]hollister uk[/url] and rinse.
Some examples of pressure filters and their applications are:
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- Neutralizing filters. Neutralizing filters usually consist of a calcium carbonate calcite medium to neutralize low pH water.
- Oxidizing filters. Oxidizing filters use a medium treated with oxides of manganese as a source of oxygen to oxidize and precipitate iron, manganese, hydrogen sulfide, and others.
- Activated carbon filters. Activated carbon (AC) is similar to ion exchange resin in density and porosity. It absorbs low molecular weight organics and reduces chlorine [url=http://www.par5club.com/louboutin.php]louboutin[/url] or other halogens from water, but does not remove any salts.

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Disinfection and Water Treatment SolutionsArticle Summary: Water treatment can be defined as any procedure or method used to alter the chemical composition or natural 'behavior' of a water supply. Water supplies can be classified as either surface water or groundwater. The majority of water comes from surface water such as rivers, lakes, and reservoirs.
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