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Theories concerning the origin from the AIDS epidemic happen to be plentiful since doctors first noticed the disease, in five gay men in La in 1981. Some were entirely unscientific: including,[url=http://giuseppezanottioutletonline.webmium.com/][b]giuseppe zanotti outlet Sale[/b][/url], God was punishing homosexuals. Others were grounded to numerous degrees in science: A contaminated hepatitis B vaccine tested in gay men was to blame. A campaign through the World Health Organization to eradicate smallpox had somehow awakened dormant HIVs that had long infected human beings harmlessly. The CIA had concocted the virus in a lab, or it came from space,[url=http://cheapnikesoccercleatsmercurial.webmium.com/][b]cheap nike soccer cleats[/b][/url], or from the distantly related cow virus which had contaminated all sorts of vaccines. Scientific research in the field of epidemiology would eventually pick with the various speculations, accusations, and rumors, leaving us having a more defined path of origin of HIV-AIDS today.
It is now generally accepted that HIV is really a descendant of the Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) because certain strains of SIV's possess a close resemblance to HIV-1 and HIV-2, both kinds of HIV. HIV-2 corresponds to a strain of SIV based in the sooty mangabey (also known as the White-collared monkey), that is native to western Africa. The greater virulent, pandemic strain of HIV, HIV-1, wasn't directly related to stress of SIV until 1993, when two seperate SIV infections of wild common Chimpanzees from Gabon were confirmed by researchers at the International Center for Scientific research of Franceville, in the country of Gabon, West Africa.
In 1999 researchers from the University of Alabama announced that they found a type of SIVcpz which was almost just like HIV-1. Within their article, published in a 2001 edition from the journal Nature, they figured wild common Chimpanzees had been infected simultaneously with two SIV's which hybridized to create a third unique virus. This virus could be passed on to other chimps, and was able to infecting humans, a process called zoonotic transfer. They believed that the hybridization happened inside chimps which had become infected with both strains of SIV once they hunted and killed two smaller types of monkey. Additionally they figured all three subgroups of HIV-1 - group M, N and O - came from the SIVcpz based in the common Chimpanzee (reaffirming the evidence from 1993),[url=http://monclerwesteoutletbillig.albirank.net/][b]billig Moncler Jacken Damen Weste[/b][/url], and that each group represented a separate crossover event from chimps to humans.
Below are some of the more plausible theories about how exactly this zoonosis took place, and how SIV became HIV in humans:
In this scenario, SIV was transferred to humans due to primates being killed and eaten or their blood engaging in cuts or wounds on bushmeat hunters . Normally a persons recipients immune system might have fought off SIV,[url=http://woolrichoutletfr.halod.com/][b]Doudoune Woolrich Parka Femme Outlet[/b][/url], but on the few occasions it adapted itself within its new human host and became HIV-1. The fact that there have been several different early strains of HIV, each with a slightly different genetic make-up (the most typical which was HIV-1 group M),[url=http://duveticadeutschlandshop.halod.com/][b]Duvetica Deutschland[/b][/url], would support this theory: every time it passed from the chimpanzee to some human, it might have developed in a slightly different way within his/her body, and therefore produced a rather different strain. Articles published within the Lancet in 2004,[url=http://woolricharcticparkauomooutlet.olimx.com/][b]Woolrich Parka Italy Outlet[/b][/url], also shows how retroviral transfer from primates to hunters is still occurring even today. In a sample of 1099 individuals in Cameroon ,[url=http://woolricharcticparkauomooutlet.olimx.com/][b]Woolrich Arctic Parka Uomo Outlet Woolrich Parka Italy Outlet[/b][/url], they discovered ten (1%) were infected with Simian Foamy Virus (SFV), a disease which was previously thought only to infect primates. All these infections were believed to happen to be acquired with the butchering and consumption of primate bushmeat. A growing number of epidemiologists are actually calling for an outright ban on bushmeat hunting to prevent multiplication of simian viruses to humans.
Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV) theory
Another rather controversial theories have contended that HIV was transferred iatrogenically (via medical interventions). One particularly well-publicized idea is the fact that polio vaccines played a role within the transfer. Within the book "The River", by Edward Hooper, it is strongly recommended that HIV could be traced to the testing of the oral polio vaccine called Chat,[url=http://duveticaitaly.albirank.net/][b]DUVETICA Piumini Italy[/b][/url], provided to approximately one million people within the Belgian Congo, Ruanda and Urundi in the late 1950's. To be reproduced, live polio vaccine needed to be cultivated in living tissue,[url=http://duveticaitalia.webmium.com/][b]duvetica outlet[/b][/url], and Hooper's belief is that Chat was grown in kidney cells taken from local Chimpanzees have contracted SIVcpz. This, he claims,[url=http://woolrichoutletfr.halod.com/][b]Doudoune Woolrich Parka[/b][/url], would have resulted in the contamination of the vaccine with Chimpanzee SIV, having a many people subsequently becoming infected with HIV-1. Some facts contest Hooper's theory: the oral administration from the vaccine would seem insufficient to cause infection in many people (the lining of the throat and mouth generally behave as good barriers to the virus). In 2000 the Wistar Institute in Philadelphia (one of the original manufacturers from the Chat vaccine) discovered a vial of polio vaccine that had been included in this program. The vaccine was analyzed and in 2001 it had been announced that no trace had been found of either HIV or chimpanzee SIV. A second analysis confirmed that only macaque monkey kidney cells, which cannot be infected with SIV or HIV, were used to create Chat. This does not necessarily disprove the OPV theory, as the discovery of the vial in one pool of numerous batches of the vaccine doesn't account for the total variance inside a vaccination utilized by over A million people.
In the 1950s, using disposable plastic syringes became commonplace around the world as a cheap, sterile way to administer medicines. However, to African health care professionals working on inoculation programs, the huge quantities of syringes needed could have been very expensive. It is therefore possible, if not likely, that certain single syringe could have been used to inject multiple patients with no sterilization between. This would rapidly have transferred any viral particles in one person to another, creating huge potential for the virus to mutate and replicate in each new individual it entered.
The colonialism, or "Heart of Darkness" theory was first proposed in 2000 by Jim Moore, a primatologist who published his findings in the journal AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses. During the late 19th and early 20th century,[url=http://woolrichoutletfr.halod.com/][b]Woolrich Parka Femme[/b][/url], much of Africa was ruled by colonial forces. In areas such as French Equatorial Africa and the Belgian Congo, colonial rule was particularly harsh and many Africans were forced into labor camps where sanitation was poor, food was scarce and physical demands were extreme. These factors alone could have been sufficient to create illness in anyone, so SIV could easily have infiltrated the work force and taken benefit of their weakened immune systems to become HIV. A stray and maybe sick chimpanzee with SIV would have been an extra food source for the workers to utilize in their survival. Moore also believes that lots of of the laborers would have been inoculated with unsterilized needles against diseases such as smallpox (to maintain them alive and working), and that many of the camps actively employed prostitutes to keep the employees happy, creating numerous possibilities for onward transmission. A large number of laborers would have died before they even developed the very first the signs of AIDS,[url=http://duveticaitalia.webmium.com/][b]piumini duvetica outlet[/b][/url], and people who ended up getting sick would not have separated itself as any different in an already disease-ridden population. Even if they'd been identified, all evidence (including medical records) that the camps existed was destroyed to hide the truth that a staggering 50% of the local population were destroyed there. One final factor Moore uses to support his theory,[url=http://rogervivierweddingshoes.olimx.com/][b]cheap roger vivier shoes[/b][/url], is always that the labor camps were set up around the time that HIV was initially believed to have passed into humans - the early part of the Twentieth century.
Up to now, scientific study has found SIV viruses in nearly 24 primate species. If these viruses have repeatedly jumped from nonhuman primates to people through zoonotic transfer, there is the frightening possibility of new epidemics in waiting. Although the United States alone spends about $2 billion annually on AIDS research, the bulk of this amount rightly goes toward the search for better ways to avoid and treat HIV infections; perhaps $1 million is allocated to investigations into the epidemic's origin. The few people who've committed themselves to the inquiry have done so at potential risk, professionally and often physically. Those who conduct research in Africa must deal with crumbling infrastructure that forces these phones move in a maddeningly slow pace,[url=http://monclerwesteoutletbillig.albirank.net/][b]Moncler Jacken[/b][/url], must contend with the ever-present disruption and danger of civil war, and must hope to avoid a long list of infectious diseases, one of which recently took the life of a prominent biologist.
Using HIV-1 sequences preserved in human biological samples together with estimates of viral mutation rates, scientists calculate that the jump from chimpanzee to human probably happened during the late 19th or early Twentieth century, a time of rapid urbanization and colonization in equatorial Africa. Exactly when the zoonosis occurred is not known. Some estimates claim that HIV-1 (group M) entered a persons population in the early 20th century, probably between 1915 and 1941. Research published in 2008,[url=http://woolricharcticparkauomooutlet.olimx.com/][b]Woolrich Arctic Parka[/b][/url], analyzing viral sequences recovered from the recently-discovered 1960 biopsy along with previously-known sequences, suggested a common ancestor between 1884 and 1924.
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